How to enhance export resilience through improving the quality of manufacturing products and achieve the stability of development with the promotion of quality has become an important issue. Based on the theoretical framework of product quality heterogeneity enterprises, this paper uses micro-level data from Chinese manufacturing enterprises to measure export resilience from the dimensions of resistance and recovery, and explores the impact of product quality on export resilience and its mechanisms. The study finds: first, labor-intensive enterprises have weaker export resistance under shocks, while technology-intensive enterprises have weaker export recovery capabilities; second, improving product quality can significantly enhance export resilience, but this positive impact is weaker in technology-intensive enterprises, enterprises in western regions, and state-owned enterprises; third, the impact mechanisms of product quality on the dimensions of resistance and recovery differ. Product quality enhances export resistance through the demand fluctuation suppression effect, while it enhances export recovery through the market diversification effect. The findings of this study provide decision-making references for preventing and resolving potential risks of exporting high-quality products and promote“high-quality development for high-level security”.